Conductive primer compositions with primary resin binder

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed to improved conductive primer compositions and methods. In the improved methods aspect of the present invention, a non-conductive polymeric component is precoated with a primer to render it electroconductive in preparation for electrocoating. Next, the primed polymeric comonent is assembled with a conductive metallic component to form a multi-material workpiece. Finally, the formed workpiece is submerged in an electrocoat bath for simultaneously electrocoating both the primed polymeric component and the conductive metallic component. In some preferred embodiments, the workpiece may be an automobile body. In the improved electroconductive primer compositions aspect of the present invention, such compositions comprise a dispersion of approximately 70% to 90% of a polymeric resinous which will cure to form a film, approximately 10% to 30% of a conductive carbon pigment, in some embodiments approximately 0.25 to 0.45 of an electron transmitting or other surfactant or dispersing agent, and a sufficient volume of solvents to provide a flowable viscosity to the primer. Such primer may be formed from a wide variety of different resins.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No.061,084, filed on June 12, 1987 which was a divisional of applicationSer. No. 922, 318, filed on Oct. 23, 1986, which is acontinuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 829,112, filed on Feb. 28,1986, and now abandoned.

The present invention is directed to the electrocoating arts, and moreparticularly to an improved method of simultaneously electrocoating amulti-material workpiece formed from a non-conductive component, andalso from a conductive component, by electrocoat bath deposition or byspraying. Such multi-material workpiece may preferably comprise anautomobile body, or other automotive components.

In the prior art, and especially in the automobile manufacturing art,certain problems have appeared in production of automobile body andcomponents. Specifically, for reasons of cost and to impart desirableproperties to various automobile components, polymeric or plasticcomponents have been used and are now being used for parts which in thepast have been formed from metal. The result is that the automobile bodymay have, for example, polymeric front and rear bumper components,polymeric interior trim, polymeric steering column components, and otherautomobile components formed from polymeric or plastics materials.Indeed, such components may be formed from different types of polymersto impart different physical characteristics to different parts.

Automobile manufacturers have deemed it beneficial to attempt to providethe same general appearance to the polymeric components as that of themetallic components. One difficulty in providing such uniform appearanceis that the metallic components may be readily electrocoated, as theyare conductive, but the polymeric components in the past could not beelectrocoated, as they were not electroconductive. The result was thatthe polymeric components had to be coated separately, by othertechniques, and by different coating compositions, and at differenttimes, from the metallic components. The result in many instances wasless than satisfactory in the prior art as the polymeric components didnot "mesh" in physical appearance with the metallic components. Afurther problem was that additional equipment and facilities had to beprovided for at least two separate coating operations--one operation forelectroconductive materials and at least one other for thenon-electroconductive materials.

One object of the improved methods and compositions of the presentinvention is to materially alleviate the difficulties associated withprior art techniques, and more particularly to lower the costsassociated therewith, increase the efficiency of the respectiveoperations, to provide an improved final product, and to provide primercoating compositions having a wide applicability as conductive coatingsand/or substrates.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The improved methods of the present invention are directed tosimultaneously electrocoating a multi-material workpiece having aconductive, metallic component and at least one non-conductive,polymeric component. The steps comprise first precoating thenon-conductive, polymeric component with an electroconductive primer;curing such primer; assembling the primed polymeric component with theconductive, metallic component to form a multi-material materialworkpiece; and submerging the formed workpiece in an electrocoat bathfor simultaneously electrocoating both the primed polymeric componentand the conductive, metallic component. In alternative embodiments, themulti-material workpiece may be sprayed with electrostatic sprayequipment.

The non-conductive, polymeric component may comprise, for example,virtually any automobile body component where the structural propertiesof the polymeric material permit. The pre-coating of the primer may beby either dipping techniques, spraying techniques, in-mold coatingtechniques, or other techniques known to those of ordinary skill in theart.

The improved electroconductive coating composition of the presentinvention may in some preferred embodiments comprise a dispersion ofapproximately 70% to 90% of a curable film-forming polymeric resinbinder, approximately 10% to 30% of a conductive carbon pigment, in someembodiments approximately 0.2 to 0.45 of an electron transmitting orother surfactant or dispersing agent, and sufficient solvents to providea flowable viscosity to the primer. Such solvents include in someembodiments organic solvents, and water as a solvent in other suchpreferred embodiments.

When certain resin binders are utilized, an acid catalyst system isnecessary for proper cure of the film, and in those embodimentsapproximately 1% to approximately 3% of an acid, preferably a sulfonicacid, is utilized. Preferred alternative embodiments may incorporateapproximately 18% to 30% of a finely ground metal into such conductivecoating compositions, and with corresponding reduction in the amount ofresin binder necessary in some preferred embodiments.

The methods and compositions of the present invention will be betterunderstood with respect to the following brief description of thedrawing, detailed description of preferred embodiments, appended claims,and accompanying drawing.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 is a perspective schematic view of the improved method ofsimultaneously electrocoating a multi-material workpiece of the presentinvention, and particularly showing an automobile body suspended abovean electrocoat bath, with the automobile body containing bothconductive, metallic components and at least one non-conductive,polymeric component which has previously been coated with anelectroconductive primer prior to assembly together with the conductive,metallic component to form the multi-material workpiece;

FIG. 2 is a graphical representation depicting conductivity versuspigment volume concentration (PRC), and showing a narrow area of thecritical PVC where conductivity is improved approximately 100% overlower pigment volume concentration values;

FIG. 3 is a graphical representation of conductivity versus PVC anddepiciting the level of critical PVC for copper pigment in the grind,the formulations of the present invention without any metallic pigment,and the same copper pigment contained within the let down;

FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of conductivity versus pigmentvolume concentration, and showing a peak in conductivity above the levelof critical PVC for one representative formulation and showing thelevels of volume of binder and volume of pigment, as those levels affectconductivity; and

FIG. 5 is a graphical representation similar to the graphicalrepresentation of FIG. 4 and showing the relationship betweenconductivity and pigment volume concentration for another formulation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The first aspect of the present invention is directed to improvedmethods of simultaneously electrocoating a multi-material workpiecehaving a conductive, metallic component and at least one non-conductive,polymeric component. Preferred embodiments of these methods of thepresent invention comprise the steps of pre-coating the non-conductivepolymeric component with a primer which is conductive when cured into afilm, thereby to render the surface of the polymeric componentsufficiently conductive for electrocoating. Next, the primed polymericcomponent is assembled with the conductive, metallic component to formthe multi-material workpiece. Finally, the formed workpiece in somepreferred embodiments is submerged into an electrocoat bath forsimultaneously electrocoating both the primed polymeric component andthe conductive, metallic component of the formed multi-materialworkpiece. In alternative preferred embodiments, the multi-materialworkpiece is electrostatically coated by oppositely charging theworkpiece and the coating droplets by techniques well-known to thoseskilled in the electrostatic coating arts.

In some preferred embodiments, the multi-material workpiece may be anautomobile chassis, although both the method and composition aspects ofthe present invention have application in wide areas outside theautomotive arts. In automotive embodiments, the non-conductive,polymeric component may comprise bumper components, automobile interiortrim work, portions of the automobile steering column, portions of theautomobile body, etc. In such preferred embodiments, the primerprecoating is preferably cured at 300° F. for approximately 15 minutesprior to assembly with the conductive metallic component of themulti-material workpiece. The primer coating compositions of the presentinvention, described in greater detail, infra, may be applied to thework piece 30 days or more in advance and shipped elsewhere or storedfor later coating without substantial reduction in efficiency.

As to methods of pre-coating of the non-conductive polymeric primercomponent, such polymeric components may be dipped into a bath of theconductive primer, or may be sprayed with the conductive primerutilizing techniques known to those having ordinary skill in the art.In-mold coating techniques may also be used.

Referring now to the drawing and to FIG. 1 in particular, anillustrative example of one of the method aspects of the presentinvention is shown schematically. In particular, a preferred embodimentof the improved methods of simultaneously electrocoating amulti-material workpiece having a conductive, metallic component and atleast one non-conductive, polymeric component is shown.

An automobile chassis generally 10 is shown suspended by hooks 12 andcables 14 from an overhead crane 16 movable in the direction as shown byarrow A along track 18. Such chassis 10 may be lowered as shown by ArrowB into electrocoat bath 20 containing an electrocoating material 22 ofthe type and utilizing electrocoat techniques known to those skilled inthe electrocoat arts. One or more components of the automobile chassis10 may be formed of a non-conductive, polymeric material to bepre-coated with the conductive primer compositions of another aspect ofthe present invention. Such parts are then assembled with theconductive, metallic components for simultaneous electrocoating in bath20. Such parts may comprise, for example: (a) the rear bumper, bumperfacia, and/or back-up beams; (b) the front bumper, bumper facia, and/orback-up beams; (c) the spoiler(s); (d) the air ram; (e) the grill parts;(f) the fender(s); (g) the door panel(s); (h) the quarter panel(s); (i)the hood; (j) the interior trim; and/or (k) the steering columncomponents. Such non-conductive polymeric parts, some of which are shownschematically in FIG. 1, are depicted for purposes of illustration, andno limitation as to the type of such parts is intended, whether in theautomotive industry or in other industries.

In regard to the second aspect of the present invention involvingimproved electroconductive coating compositions, such compositions maybe utilized as a coating or primer for a non-conductive substratematerial, for example polymeric components, and more particularlypolymeric components of an automobile. Other non-conductive substratematerials may also be used. Such non-conductive substrate materials areprepared for electrocoating by rendering them electroconductive, whichis accomplished by coating their surfaces with the electroconductiveprimer coating compositions of the present invention. Such improvedelectroconductive primer coating compositions comprise in some preferredembodiments a dispersion of approximately 70% to 90% of a curable,film-forming polymeric resin binder, which upon cure thereof will form astable film to adhere to the surface of the substrate; approximately 10%to 30% of a conductive carbon pigment; in some embodiments approximately0.2% to 0.45% of an electron transmitting or other surfactant; andsufficient solvents to provide a flowable viscosity to the primer. Suchelectron transmitting surfactant(s) provide in the cured film conductivepathways for electrons between the conductive carbon pigment

In other embodiments of the present invention where surfactants of thewetting agent variety are utilized, such surfactants (or dispersingagents) function to assist in and to assure complete dispersion of atleast the carbon black pigment ingredient to provide the requisiteconductivity in the cured film. In some other alternative embodiments,the surfactant(s) are entirely eliminated; however, more time must bespent in the grinding process to assure the necessary completedispersion of the carbon black pigment.

In embodiments of the present invention requiring acid catalysis forproper cure, 1% to 3% of an acid is incorporated within the composition.Such acid catalyst may be selected from the group consisting of anorganic acid, aromatic sulfonic acid, p-toluene sulfonic acid, phosporicacid, alkyl phosphoric acid, maleic acid, trimellitic acid, phthalicacid, and acrylic acid. In preferred embodiments, such acid catalystcomprises dinonylnaphthalene disulfonic acid or dinonylnaphthalene(mono)sulfonic acid.

In alternative embodiments, either organic solvent systems or aqueoussolvent systems may be utilized. The polymeric resin binder in preferredembodiments may comprise a primary resin, and a cross-linking resin. Theprimary resin may be selected from the group consisting in preferredembodiments of polyester, epoxy, epoxyester, and epoxy urea resins. Inalternative embodiments, and depending in part upon the substrate to beprimed, and the selected characteristics of film properties and filmcuring environment, such primary resin may be selected from the groupconsisting of alkyd, alkyd urea, acrylic, silicone copolymers, ketoneresins, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, nitrocellulose,hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl butyral, hydroxyethyl cellulose,polyacrylamide, methyl cellulose, and polyvinyl alcohol resins.

The cross-linking resin which may be used in conjunction with suchprimary resin preferably comprises a melamine resin; and moreparticularly, melamine-formaldehyde resins have been found to provideoptimum utility. One such melamine-formaldehyde resin which hasfunctioned exceptionally well is hexamethoxymethylmelamine resin.

In alternative embodiments of the improved primer compositions of thepresent invention, the polymeric resin binder is water soluble and maybe selected from the group consisting of butadiene latex, acrylicacetate emulsion, polyvinyl acetate emulsion, and alkyd resin emulsion.

In preferred embodiments of the improved electroconductive primercompositions of the present invention, such compositions preferably havea viscosity of approximately 7 to 8 seconds using a No. 3 Zahn cup. Theconductive carbon pigment in such preferred embodiments is ground toapproximately 6.5 to 7.5 on the Hegman grind gauge. Some conductivityhas been found at 4.5 to 5.5 grind; however, conductivity was found tofall in the 5.5 to 6.5 grind range. The gloss of such preferredcompositions in the cured film is approximately 0 to 30 on a 60° glossmeter.

In preferred embodiments, the curable film-forming polymeric resinbinder, the conductive carbon pigment and in some embodiments a metallicpigment, the electron transmitting surfactant, and a portion of thesolvent are mixed to form a paste for grinding. Such grinding may beaccomplished by a steel ball mill, a sand mill, a pebble mill, or othertechniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art. When such grindis accomplished, it has been found that the cured primer film hasresistance measured over a 2 inch spread on the film surface of at mostapproximately 2.3 Megohms.

Preferred solvents for organic soluble resins comprise 1,1,1trichloroethane, which is also known as methyl chloroform. Additionalsolvents may include light aromatic solvent naphtha. Other compatiblesolvents may be selected depending upon the resin(s) utilized, andaccording to the knowledge of those skilled in the art, and as set forthin the alternative preferred embodiments as set forth in the Examples,infra.

The electron transmitting surfactant used in some embodiments preferablycomprises a quaternary salt, and in particular an organo titanate salt.In preferred embodiments, such organo titanate salt has the formula:

    (OC.sub.2 H40)Ti[OP(0)(ONH(C.sub.2 H.sub.5).sub.3))OP(0)(OC.sub.8 H.sub.7).sub.2 ].sub.2.

Also, in the embodiment we have the additional surfactants: Alcolec S,Alkaterge E, Alkaterge T, Busperse 47, Busperse 203, Disperbyk 130,Bykunen, Disperse-Ayd #6, Disperse-Ayd #7, Disperse-Ayd #8,Disperse-ayde W-22 and Disperse-Ayd W-28, Nopcosperse 44, Nopcosant K,Lomar Series, Solsperse Hyperdispersants, Solsperse Hyperdispersants 22,Hyperdispersants 21, Solsperse RW40 Resin, Solsperse RX50 Resin,Solsperse 24000, Solsperse Hyperdispersants 26, Baysilone Fluid OL17,RAYBO 56-MagnaMix, RAYBO 61, TAMOL 850, Triton N-101, Triton N-998,Triton X-405, Triton N-101, Tamol 850, Nuosperse 657, Nuosperse 700,Silwet L-7001, Silwet L-7605, and Dimethylaminqethanol DMAE.

In other embodiments, the surfactant used may be selected from a widevariety of surfactants known to those of ordinary skill in the art, withthe functional requirement being that such surfactant provide sufficientwettability to the carbon black pigment to assure substantially completedispersion thereof during grinding, to provide the necessary level ofconductivity to the cured primer, and to diminish flocculation in thestored primer composition.

In addition to the coating compositions of the present invention whichmay be cured by baking in ovens known to those of ordinary skill in theart, additional compositions may be directed to an air dry coating, alacquer formulation, a flexible formulation, and compositions whereinthe above formulations further include the incorporation of a conductivemetal in the grind to improve conductivity.

As set forth in the following Examples and as referred to in FIG. 3 ofthe drawing, by utilizing a conductive metal (such as copper, nickel orsilver) in the grind, the conductivity of the coating composition isshown to improve approximately 100% over coating compositions whichcontain only the conductive carbon component, as shown in FIG. 2, forexample.

Specifically, FIG. 3 depicts an increase in conductivity where themetallic element, whether copper, nickel, silver or other metallicpigment is placed to the grind, with the metallic pigment placed in thelet down showing an overall decrease in conductivity of the coatingsystem.

FIGS. 4 and 5 depict conductivity versus PVC as graphically illustratedfor different binder and pigment systems. A minimum amount of high sheardispersion must be achieved when metallic pigments are utilized beforethere is any increase in conductivity; otherwise, a decrease inconductivity results. The amount of high shear dispersion is differentfor each binder/pigment system, and is different for different types ofmills, such as a sand mill or a steel ball mill. However, techniques ofdetermining the critical pigment volume concentration are well withinthe skill of those having ordinary skill in the art, and can beaccomplished graphically, as shown in the Figs. hereof without undueexperimentation.

As set forth in the following Examples, the coating compositions mayinclude approximately 18% to 30% of a conductive finely ground metalliccompound It has been found that metallic compound mut be added into thegrind and ground into a fine particle size, otherwise the result is notan increase in conductivity, but rather a decrease in conductivity, aswhen such metallic pigment is placed in the let down.

The pigment volume concentration (PVC) as shown in FIGS. 2-5 is alsofound to have a significant effect in regard to peaks of conductivity.In particular, it has been discovered that there is a narrow area abovethe critical pigment volume concentration where conductivity is improvedapproximately 100% over the level of conductivity at lower pigmentvolume concentrations.

In addition to utilization of the primer coating compositions of thepresent invention in conjunction with an electrocoating bath, suchcoating compositions are also useful in connection with known methods ofelectrostatic spraying. In particular, automotive manufacturers andother manufacturers of heavy equipment waste a great deal of top coat inelectrostatic spraying. It has been determined that a conductivesubstrate will give increased "wrap" --i.e., 90% of theelectrostatically charged coating will be deposited upon the substrateto be coated, rather than 80% as with prior art non-conductive undercoatcompositions.

Other applications for use of the conductive coating primer compositionsof the present invention include utilization with low-bake acrylic topcoat compositions. Although such low-bake acrylic top coat compositionshave been found to have poor corrosion resistance, such compositionswould function more optimally in conjunction with the present conductiveprimer compositions.

Other small items, such as toilet seats for example, have in the pastbeen electrostatically sprayed. However, if such items were renderedmore conductive, such as by utilization of the conductive coatingcompositions of the present invention, less top coat spray would bewasted in "overspray".

Another area of application for the conductive coating primercompositions of the present invention is in the area of electromagneticshielding. In particular, in automobiles and other vehicles, forexample, static discharge from the ignition system interferes with theon-board computer systems. However, a conductive spray disposed onto thepolymeric housing for such computer systems would be sufficientlyconductive to prevent such static discharge from the ignition systemfrom causing such interference. Moreover, disposing such sprayed-onelectromagnetic shielding on such polymeric surface would save the addedweight, and the time and expense of adding a metallic housing thereto.Of course, when a metallic housing is used, a polymeric or othernon-conductive housing must be used inside to prevent shorting out.

Additional advantages of the conductive coating compositions of thepresent invention over prior art compositions and techniques include theproperty of enhanced maintenance of conductivity over time, in both thewet form, and in the dry film ready for top coating. In particular,prior art composition films have oxidized rather quickly, to losethereby their conductive coating features. The following coatingcompositions have been tested for more than a two month period in thein-can (wet) format and the coating compositions have remainedconductive. Moreover, coated parts (dry) have been tested after coatingwith the conductive coating compositions with the present invention morethan 30 days prior thereto, and there has been no substantial loss ofconductivity.

Preferred embodiments of the primer compositions of the presentinvention are further set forth in the following Examples:

EXAMPLE I

    __________________________________________________________________________                                                  SOLIDS                                                                        WEIGHT                          DESCRIPTION        POUNDS                                                                              GALLONS                                                                              WGT. SOL.                                                                            VOL. SOL.                                                                            PERCENT                         __________________________________________________________________________    (A)                                                                              5782 RESIN      88.92 10.2800                                                                              84.47  9.6118 55.2%                              (high solids polyester                                                        resin)                                                                     (B)                                                                              CYMEL 303 RESIN 36.30 3.6300 36.30  3.6300 23.7%                              (cross-linking agent                                                          hexamethoxymethylmelamine)                                                 (C)                                                                              CONDUCTEX 40-220                                                                              29.00 1.5263 29.00  1.5263 19.0%                              (carbon pigment)                                                           (D)                                                                              SC-100 SOLVENT  78.88 10.8800                                                                              .00    .0000  --                                 (aromatic petroleum solvent)                                               (E)                                                                              1,1,1, TRICHLOROETHANE-                                                                       273.75                                                                              25.0000                                                                              .00    .0000  --                                 SM                                                                            (halogenated hydrocarbon)                                                  (F)                                                                              KEN-REACT KR 238T                                                                             .56   .0700  .56    .0700  .36%                               (quaternary salt)                                                          (G)                                                                              1,1,1, TRICHLOROETHANE-                                                                       525.93                                                                              48.0300                                                                              .00    .0000  --                                 SM                                                                            (halogenated hydrocarbon)                                                  (H)                                                                              NACURE 155      4.81  .5900  2.65   .2891  1.7%                               (catalyst aromatic                                                            sulfonic acid)                                                                TOTALS          1038.15                                                                             100.00 152.98 15.1272                                                                              99.96                           __________________________________________________________________________    PVC:           10.09%                                                         SOLIDS BY WGT: 14.74%                                                         SOLIDS BY VOL: 15.13%                                                         VOC (LB/GL):    3.17                                                          SQ FT COVERAGE (1 MIL):                                                                      243                                                            __________________________________________________________________________

Items A-F of the above composition were charged to a steel ball mill,and ground for approximately 10 hours, which gave a grind ofapproximately 6.5 to 7.5 on the Hegman grind scale.

Items G and H were added to the above dispersion, to provide a viscosityto the primer of 7 to 8 seconds utilizing a No. 3 Zahn cup.

The above conductive primer coating was contained within a volume, and asection of non-conductive, polymeric material was dipped there into. Thematerial was cured at 300° F. for 15 minutes, and then tested forelectrical resistance. The cured coating was found to be 0.2 to 0.5 milsin thickness. Upon testing, the film displayed high levels of durabilityand field exposure in the following areas, such as, adhesion, impact,hardness, freeze-thaw cycling, and all properties demanded by theautomotive industry.

EXAMPLE II

The preferred components utilized in the primer compositions of thepresent invention are identified as being available from at least thefollowing producers:

    ______________________________________                                        COMPONENT NAME OF THE COMPANY                                                                              ADDRESS                                          ______________________________________                                        Conductex Columbian Chemicals Co.                                                                          P.O. Box 37                                      40-220                       Tulsa, OK.                                                                    74102                                            NACURE 155                                                                              King Industries, Inc.                                                                            Science Road                                                                  Norwalk, CT.                                                                  06852                                            Aromatic 100                                                                            Exxon Company      P.O. Box 2180                                                                 Houston, TX                                                                   77001                                            Methyl    Diamond Shamrock Corp.                                                                           Ind. Chemical                                    Chloroform                   Technical Ctr.                                                                P.O. Box 191                                                                  Painesville,                                                                  OH 44077                                         Quatenary Kenrich Petrochemicals                                                                           140 E. 22nd                                      Salt                         Bayonne, NJ.                                                                  07002                                            CYMEL 303 American Cyanamid Co.                                                                            Wayne, NJ                                        Resin                        07470                                            High Solids                                                                             Cargill Technical  P.O. Box 9300                                    Polyester 5782               Minn., Mn.                                                                    55440                                            ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE III

The 5782 Cargill polyester resin was replaced with an epoxy resin, andsimilar results of electroconductivity and film integrity were noted.

EXAMPLE IV

The 5782 Cargill polyester resin was replaced with an epoxy-ester resin,and similar results of electroconductivity and film integrity werenoted.

EXAMPLE V

The 5782 Cargill polyester resin was replaced with an epoxy urea resin,and similar results of electroconductivity and film integrity werenoted.

EXAMPLE VI

The above composition of Example I was applied in two coats at 0.1 milseach. The conductivity was found to be twice that of a 0.2 mil film.

EXAMPLE VII

Compositions similar to that of Example I were made by utilizingConductex 975, Conductex SC, and Conductex 900 as the carbon pigment.Similar results were obtained.

EXAMPLE VIII (Metallic Baking Formula)

The following formulation was produced according to techniqueswell-known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Upon testing thespecific resistivity was found to be 0.7 ohm-cm.

    __________________________________________________________________________                                                     SOLIDS                                                                        WEIGHT                       DESCRIPTION           POUNDS                                                                              GALLONS                                                                              WGT. SOL.                                                                            VOL. SOL.                                                                            PERCENT                      __________________________________________________________________________    10-613 RESIN (phenolic-                                                                             20.46 2,6400 12.28  1.3200 6.4%                         modified alkyd resin)                                                         5782 RESIN            42.21 4.8800 40.10  4.5628 21.0%                        (high solids polyster resin)                                                  K-FLEX 188-50         17.67 1.9100 17.67  1.9100 9.2%                         (flexible polyester resin)                                                    CYMEL 1168            25.33 2.7900 25.33  2.7900 13.3%                        (cross-linking agent melamine)                                                NUOSPERSE 700 (sufactant)                                                                           6.88  .8000  3.44   .3200  1.8%                         KEN-REACT KR 238T (quaternary salt)                                                                 .56   .0700  .56    .0700  0.36%                        16% ZINC DRIER (film drier)                                                                         4.34  .5100  3.12   .3570  1.60%                        CONDUCTEX 40-220 (carbon pigment)                                                                   31.90 2.1277 31.90  2.1277 16.70%                       ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL (solvent)                                                                          80.16 12.0000                                                                              .00    .0000  .00%                         VMP 66 (solvent)      74.40 12.0000                                                                              .00    .0000  .00%                         ETHYL 3-ETHOXYPROPIONATE                                                                            94.32 12.0000                                                                              .00    .0000  .00%                         (hydrocarbon solvent)                                                         COPPER FLAKE EMX-2 (metallic pigment)                                                               50.00 .7000  50.00  .7000  26.20%                       ETHYL 3-ETHOXYPROPIONATE (solvent)                                                                  51.09 6.5000 .90    .0000  .00%                         VMP 66 (solvent)      40.86 6.5900 .00    .0000  .00%                         ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL (solvent)                                                                          46.76 7.0000 .00    .0000  .00%                         DIACETONE ALCOHOL (solvent)                                                                         19.55 2.5000 .00    .0000  .00%                         ETHYL 3-ETHOXYPROPIONATE (solvent)                                                                  62.88 8.0000 .00    .0000  .00%                         VMP 66 (solvent)      46.50 7.5000 .00    .0000  .00%                         ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL (solvent)                                                                          53.44 8.0000 .00    .0000  .00%                         NACURE 155 (catalyst  12.24 1.5000 6.73   .7350  3.50%                        aromatic sulfonic acid                                                        TOTAL:                781.55                                                                              100.00 191.13 14.8925                                                                              100.00%                      __________________________________________________________________________    PVC:             18.99%                                                       SOLIDS BY WGT:   24.46%                                                       SOLIDS BY VOL:   14.89%                                                       VOC (LB/GL):      5.90                                                        SQ. FT COVERAGE (1 MIL):                                                                       239                                                          PIGMENT SOLIDS:                    81.90  2.8277                              VEHICLE SOLIDS:                    95.38  10.5828                             __________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLE IX

Formulations having the following variations in proportions ofingredients from those illustrated in Example VIII are prepared andfound to be effectuate satisfactory coating properties:

    ______________________________________                                        DESCRIPTION          PARTS BY WEIGHT                                          ______________________________________                                        MIXTURE OF POLYESTER RESIN                                                                         8         11.0%                                          MELAMINE RESIN       3         4.0%                                           NUOSPERSE 700        0.4       0.5%                                           CATALYST (ZINC + ACID)                                                                             1         1.5%                                           KEN-REACT - 238T     .00       .08%                                           CONDUCTEX 40 - 220   3.5       4.5%                                           COPPER FLAKE EMX 2   5.75      7.5%                                           MIXTURE OF SOLVENTS  78.29     71.42%                                                              100.00    100.00%                                        ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE X (Air Dry Formula)

The following formulation was produced according to techniqueswell-known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Upon testing thespecific resistivity was found to be 0.4 ohm-cm.

    __________________________________________________________________________                                                   SOLIDS                                                                        WEIGHT                         DESCRIPTION         POUNDS                                                                              GALLONS                                                                              WGT. SOL.                                                                            VOL. SOL.                                                                            PERCENT                        __________________________________________________________________________    VMP 66 (solvent)    111.60                                                                              18.0000                                                                              .00    .0000  .0%                            ETHYL 3-ETHOXYPROPIONATE                                                                          47.16 6.0000 .00    .0000  .0%                            (solvent)                                                                     B-67 45% VMP00      189.80                                                                              26.0000                                                                              85.41  9.4120 48.9%                          (acrylic air dry resin)                                                       NUOSPERSE 700 (surfactant)                                                                        6.88  .8000  3.44   .3200  2.0%                           CONDUCTEX 40-220    32.00 2.1343 32.00  2.1343 18.3%                          (carbon pigments)                                                             COPPER FLAKE EMX-2  50.00 .7000  50.00  .7000  28.7%                          (metallic pigment)                                                            KEN-REACT KR 238TG  .56   .0700  .56    .0700  0.3%                           (quarternary salt)                                                            20% SOLN KD-618     15.46 2.0000 3.09   .3480  1.8%                           (silicon wax wetting agent)                                                   VMP 66 (solvent)    212.66                                                                              34.3000                                                                              .00    .0000  0.0%                           ETHYL 3-ETHOXYPROPIONATE                                                                          78.60 10.0000                                                                              .00    .0000  0.0%                           (solvent)                                                                     TOTAL               744.72                                                                              100.0000                                                                             174.50 12.9843                                                                              100.0%                         __________________________________________________________________________    PVC:            22.30%                                                        SOLIDS BY WGT:  23.43%                                                        SOLIDS BY VOL:  12.98%                                                        VOC (LB/GL):     5.70%                                                        SQ. FT. COVERAGE (1 MIL):                                                                     208                                                           PIGMENT SOLIDS:                  82.62  2.8949                                VEHICLE SOLIDS:                  85.41  9.4120                                __________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLE XI

Formulations having the following variations in proportions ofingredients from those illustrated in Example X are prepared and foundto be effectuate satisfactory coating properties:

    ______________________________________                                        DESCRIPTION        PARTS BY WEIGHT                                            ______________________________________                                        B-67 (SOLIDS)      10.0      12.0%                                            CONDUCTEX 40-220   4.0       5.0%                                             SILICON & NUOSPERSE 700                                                                          0.8       0.9%                                             COPPER FLAKE EMX 2 6.0       7.0%                                             MIXTURE OF SOLVENTS                                                                              79.2      75.1%                                                               100.0     100.0%                                           ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE XII (Non-Metallic, Flexible Baking Formula)

The following formulation was produced according to techniqueswell-known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Upon testing thespecific resistivity was found to be 9.0 ohm-cm.

    __________________________________________________________________________                                                      SOLIDS                                                                        WEIGHT                      DESCRIPTION            POUNDS                                                                              GALLONS                                                                              WGT. SOL.                                                                            VOL. SOL.                                                                            PERCENT                     __________________________________________________________________________    DESMORPHEN 670-80 (polyester resin)                                                                  82.80 9.0000 66.24  6.7500 48.3%                       SC-100 SOLVENT (solvent)                                                                             145.00                                                                              20.0000                                                                              .00    .0000  .00                         NUOSPERSE 700 (surfactant)                                                                           6.00  .6977  3.00   .2791  2.2%                        KEN-REACT KR 238T (quaternary salt)                                                                  .56   .0700  .56    .0700  0.4%                        CONDUCTEX 40-220 (carbon pigment)                                                                    31.90 2.1277 31.90  2.1277 23.3%                       ETHYL 3-ETHOXYPROPIONATE (solvent)                                                                   78.60 10.0000                                                                              .00    .0000  .0%                         URAC II CATALYST SOLN  4.00  .4938  .04    .0045  trace                       (tubutyl-tin-dilaureate)                                                      16% ZINC DRIER (film drier)                                                                          4.00  .4706  2.88   .3394  2.1%                        ETHYL 3-ETHOXYPROPIONATE (solvent)                                                                   78.60 10.0000                                                                              .00    .0000  .00%                        N-BUTYL ACETATE (U.G.) (solvent)                                                                     147.00                                                                              20.0000                                                                              .00    .0000  .00%                        XYLOL (solvent)        51.69 7.1500 .00    .0000  0.0%                        CORONATE EH RESIN      32.46 3.3600 32.46  3.3600 23.7%                       (cross-linking agent                                                          hexamethylenediisocyanate trimer)                                             N-BUTYL ACETATE (U.G.) (solvent)                                                                     122.30                                                                              16.6400                                                                              .00    .0000  .0%                         TOTAL:                 784.91                                                                              100.00 137.10 12.9209                                                                              100.0%                      __________________________________________________________________________    PVC:              16.47%                                                      SOLIDS BY WGT:    17.47%                                                      SOLIDS BY VOL:    12.92%                                                      VOC (LB/GL):      6.48%                                                       SQ. FT. COVERAGE (1 MIL):                                                                       207                                                         PIGMENT SOLIDS:                     32.90  2.1277                             VEHICLE SOLIDS:                     98.70  10.1100                            __________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLE XIII

Formulations having the following variations in proportions ofingredients from those illustrated in Example XII are prepared and foundto be effectuate satisfactory coating properties:

    ______________________________________                                        DESCRIPTION         PARTS BY WEIGHT                                           ______________________________________                                        POLYESTER RESIN (SOLIDS)                                                                          8.0       9.0%                                            ISOCYANATE RESIN    4.0       4.5%                                            NUOSPERSE 700       0.3       0.5%                                            ZINC PLUS DBT CATALYST                                                                            0.3       0.5%                                            KR-238T             .6        0.08%                                           CONDUCTEX 40-220    3.8       4.2%                                            MIXTURE OF SOLVENTS 83.4      81.22%                                                              100.0     100.00%                                         ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE XIV (Metallic Baking Formula)

The following formulation was produced according to techniqueswell-known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Upon testing thespecific resistivity was found to be 0.9 ohm-cm.

    __________________________________________________________________________                                                      SOLIDS                                                                        WEIGHT                      DESCRIPTION            POUNDS                                                                              GALLONS                                                                              WGT. SOL.                                                                            VOL. SOL.                                                                            PERCENT                     __________________________________________________________________________    ETHYL 3-ETHOXYPROPIONATE (solvent)                                                                   86.46 11.0000                                                                              .00    .0000  .0%                         VMP 66 (solvent)       136.40                                                                              22.0000                                                                              .00    .0000  .0%                         SOLSPERSE 5000 (wetting agent)                                                                       5.00  .4000  5.00   .4000  2.1%                        KEN-REACT KR 238T (quaternary salt)                                                                  .56   .0700  .56    .0700  0.2%                        20% SOLN KD-618        15.46 2.0000 3.09   .3480  1.3%                        (silicon wax wetting agent)                                                   CONDUCTEX 40-220 (carbon pigment)                                             COPPER FLAKE EMX-2 (metallic pigment)                                                                45.75 .6405  45.75  .6405  19.6%                       10-613 RESIN           189.88                                                                              24.5000                                                                              113.93 12.2500                                                                              48.8%                       (phenolic-modified alkyd resin)                                               PARAPLEX G-62 (soyabean oil epoxide)                                                                 3.77  .4575  3.77   .4575  1.6%                        SUSPENO #220 (xylene wetting agent)                                                                  5.11  .6862  1.24   .1510  0.5%                        ETHYL 3-ETHOXYPROPIONATE (solvent)                                                                   86.46 11.0000                                                                              .00    .0000  .00                         VMP 66 (solvent)       138.45                                                                              22.3300                                                                              .00    .0000  .00                         12% COBALT (12% cobalt drier)                                                                        .31   .0366  .24    .0275  0.1%                        9% MANGANESE CEM-ALL   2.48  .3111  1.79   .1960  0.8%                        (9% Manganese drier)                                                          16% UTD DRIER          4.03  .4601  3.02   .3027  1.3%                        EXKIN #2 (anti-skimming agent                                                                        .99   .1294  .00    .0000  .00                         methyl ethyl ketoxime)                                                        TRIETHYLAMINE          2.00  .3295  .00    .0000  .00                         TOTAL                  778.01                                                                              100.00 233.29 18.5049                                                                              99.8%                       __________________________________________________________________________    PVC:            23.58%                                                        SOLIDS BY WGT:  29.99%                                                        SOLIDS BY VOL:  18.50%                                                        VOC (LB/GL):     5.45%                                                        SQ. FT. COVERAGE (1 MIL):                                                                     297                                                           PIGMENT SOLIDS:                     101.27 4.3628                             VEHICLE SOLIDS:                     113.93 12.2500                            __________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLE XV

Formulations having the following variations in proportions ofingredients from those illustrated in Example XIV are prepared and foundto be effectuate satisfactory coating properties:

    ______________________________________                                        DESCRIPTION          PARTS BY WEIGHT                                          ______________________________________                                        PHENOLIC ALKYD (SOLIDS)                                                                            14.00     15.0%                                          SILICON WAX WETTING  .98       1.2%                                           AGENT PLUS                                                                    SOLSPERSE 5000 WETTING                                                        AGENT                                                                         KR-238T              .06       0.08%                                          PARAPLEX - 662       0.04      0.06%                                          SUSPENO 220 (SOLIDS) 0.1       0.2%                                           MIXED DRIERS         0.6       0.7%                                           ANTI-SKINNING AGENT  0.1       0.15%                                          STABILIZER (TRIETHYLAMINE)                                                                         0.2       0.3%                                           CONDUCTEX 40-220     6.8       7.3%                                           COPPER FLAKE EMX -2  5.5       6.5%                                           MIXTURE OF SOLVENTS  71.26     67.97%                                                              100.00    100.00%                                        ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE XVI (Water Reducible Formulation)

The following formulation was produced according to techniqueswell-known to those of ordinary skill in the art:

    __________________________________________________________________________                                                   SOLIDS                                                                        WEIGHT                         DESCRIPTION         POUNDS                                                                              GALLONS                                                                              WGT. SOL.                                                                            VOL. SOL.                                                                            PERCENT                        __________________________________________________________________________    KELSOL 3950-B2G-70  262.88                                                                              31.0000                                                                              184.02 20.1500                                                                              54.4%                          5% MANGANESE HYDROCURE                                                                            4.95  .6600  2.57   .2647  0.1%                           TRIETHYLAMINE       8.19  1.3500 .00    .0000  --                             KEN-REACT KR 238T   10.56 1.3200 10.56  1.3200 3.1%                           DEIONIZED WATER     438.57                                                                              52.6500                                                                              .00    .0000  --                             CYMEL 327 RESIN     87.71 8.9500 78.94  7.6970 23.3%                          PRINTEX XE 2        55.80 3.7218 55.80  3.7218 16.5%                          MICRO #870 GRAPHITE 6.58  .3511  6.58   .3511  1.9%                           TOTAL               875.24                                                                              100.00 338.47 36.5046                                                                              99.3%                          __________________________________________________________________________    PVC:            12.49%                                                        SOLIDS BY WGT:  38.67%                                                        SOLIDS BY VOL:  33.50%                                                        VOC (LB/GL):     2.07%                                                        SQ. FT. COVERAGE (1 MIL):                                                                     537                                                           PIGMENT SOLIDS:                  63.46  4.1841                                VEHICLE SOLIDS:                  263.22 27.8735                               __________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLE XVII

Formulations having the following variations in proportions ofingredients from those illustrated in Example XVI are prepared and foundto be effectuate satisfactory coating properties:

    ______________________________________                                        DESCRIPTION          PARTS BY WEIGHT                                          ______________________________________                                        KELSOL 3950-B2G-70   45.00     65.0%                                          5% MANGANESE HYDROCURE                                                                             0.07      0.13%                                          TRIETHYLAMINE        --        --                                             KEN-REACT KR 238T    2.5       3.7%                                           DEIONIZED WATER      --        --                                             CYMEL 327 RESIN      18.0      28.0%                                          PRINTEX XE 2         13.0      20.0%                                          MICRO #870 GRAPHITE  1.5       2.3%                                           ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE XVIII (Water Reducible Formulation With Alternative Surfactant)

The following formulation was produced according to techniqueswell-known to those of ordinary skill in the art:

    __________________________________________________________________________                                                    SOLIDS                                                                        WEIGHT                        DESCRIPTION          POUNDS                                                                              GALLONS                                                                              WGT. SOL.                                                                            VOL. SOL.                                                                            PERCENT                       __________________________________________________________________________    KELSOL 3950-B2G-70   246.19                                                                              29.0313                                                                              172.33 18.8703                                                                              56.04%                        5% MANGANESE HYDROCURE                                                                             4.92  .6566  2.56   .2633  0.84%                         DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL DMAE                                                                          7.39  .9995  .00    .0000  --                            DEIONIZED WATER      369.28                                                                              44.3309                                                                              .00    .0000  --                            50% SOLN OF ND-600   9.85  1.3218 4.93   .6212  1.61%                         CYMEL 327 RESIN      81.98 8.3653 73.78  7.1942 24.13%                        PRINTEX XE 2         52.19 3.4808 52.19  3.4808 17.07%                        DIONIZED WATER       98.47 11.8215                                                                              .00    .0300  --                            TOTAL                870.27                                                                              100.00 305.79 30.4298                                                                              100.05                        PVC:            12.83%                                                        SOLIDS BY WGT:  35.14%                                                        SOLIDS BY VOL:  30.43%                                                        VOC (LB/GL):     2.20%                                                        SQ. FT. COVERAGE (1 MIL):                                                                     488                                                           PIGMENT SOLIDS:                   55.74  3.9039                               VEHICLE SOLIDS:                   246.37 26.0908                              __________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLE XIX

Formulations having the following variations in proportions ofingredients from those illustrated in Example XVI are prepared and foundto be effectuate satisfactory coating properties:

    ______________________________________                                                                PARTS BY                                              DESCRIPTION             WEIGHT                                                ______________________________________                                        PIGMENT- CARBON BLACK   4.0-7.0%                                              BINDER - ALKYD RESIN    17.0-22.0%                                            MELAMINE RESIN           6.0-10.0%                                            ADDITIVES - DRIER 5% MANGANESE                                                                        0.1-0.5%                                              DMAE                    0.1-2.0%                                              SOLVENT WATER           40.0-65.0%                                            BUTYL CELLOSOLVE (in resin)                                                                            5.0-10.0%                                            BUTANOL (in Melamine)   .2-2.0%                                               ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE XX

The formulation of Example XVIII, supra, is produced according to thetechniques as set forth in EXAMPLE 1 and according to techniques knownto those of ordinary skill in the art, and wherein the surfactantthereof is successively replaced by one or more of Alcolec S, AlkatergeE, Alkaterge T, Busperse 47, Busperse 203, Disperbyk 130, Bykunen,Disperse-Ayd #6, Disperse-Ayd #7, Disperse-Ayd #8, Disperse-ayde W-22and Disperse-Ayd W-28, Nopcosperse 44, Nopcosant K, Lomar Series,Solsperse Hyperdispersants, Solsperse Hyperdispersants 22,Hyperdispersants 21, Solsperse RW40 Resin, Solsperse RX50 Resin,Solsperse 24000, Solsperse Hyperdispersants 26, Baysilone Fluid OL17,RAYBO 56-MagnaMix, RAYBO 61, TAMOL 850, Triton N-101, Triton N-998,Triton X-405, Triton N-101, Tamol 850, Nuosperse 657, Nuosperse 700,Silwet L-7001, Silwet L-7605, and Dimethylaminqethanol DMAE (all suchalternative surfactant and/or dispersant components and Theidentification of the course of origin thereof are listed on pages 40-42hereof).

The resulting primer compositions have carbon black pigment which issubstantially completely dispersed, a satisfactory level of conductivityis maintained in the cured film, and the stored pre-cured, liquid-stateprimer is sufficiently stable to avoid any substantial amount offlocculation.

EXAMPLE XXI (Water Reducible Formulation With No Surfactant orDispersant)

The following formulation was produced according to techniqueswell-known to those of ordinary skill in the art:

    __________________________________________________________________________                                                    SOLIDS                                                                        WEIGHT                        DESCRIPTION          POUNDS                                                                              GALLONS                                                                              WGT. SOL.                                                                            VOL. SOL.                                                                            PERCENT                       __________________________________________________________________________    KELSOL 3950-B2G-70   285.57                                                                              33.6759                                                                              199.90 21.8893                                                                              57.77                         DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL DMAE                                                                          8.57  1.1594 .00    .0000  --                            DEIONIZED WATER      428.36                                                                              51.4233                                                                              .00    .0000  --                            CYMEL 327 RESIN      95.10 9.7037 85.59  8.3452 24.73                         PRINTEX XE 2         60.54 4.0377 60.54  4.0377 17.50                         TOTAL                             346.03        100.00                        PVC:            11.78%                                                        SOLIDS BY WGT:  39.40%                                                        SOLIDS BY VOL:  34.27%                                                        VOC (LB/GL):     2.13%                                                        SQ. FT. COVERAGE (1 MIL):                                                                     550                                                           PIGMENT SOLIDS:                   60.54  4.0377                               VEHICLE SOLIDS:                   285.49 30.2345                              __________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLE XXII

The formulation of Example XXI, supra, does not require a surfactantand/or dispersant for adequate wetting, it being understood by thoseskilled in the art that various polymers and various pigments (such asthe particular carbon black herein) may be wetted and dispersed moreeasily than others. Accordingly, grind times may be varied in variousformulations to obtain adequate dispersion. In some formulations, asurfactant and/or dispersant will be necessary in order to utilize grindtimes which are sufficiently low to render the manufacture of such aformulation economically feasible. The grind time vs resistance chartindicates a newly discovered dip in resistance at a grind time laterthan the first low resistance following conventional methods:

    ______________________________________                                        GRIND                                                                         TIME         RESISTANCE                                                       ______________________________________                                         5           147                                                              10           137                                                              15           *127                                                             20           132                                                              25           142                                                              30           134                                                              35           120                                                              40           *110                                                             45           129                                                              50           132                                                              55           124                                                              60           **116                                                            65           120                                                              70           125                                                              75           134                                                              80           145                                                              85           145                                                              90           147                                                              95           146                                                              100          145                                                              105          155                                                              ______________________________________                                          *CONVENTIAL PRACTICE USE THIS AS OPTIMUM GRIND                               **DISCOVERED NEW LOW RESISTANCE GOOD ENOUGH TO ACCEPT ELECTRODEPOSITION  

The following additional preferred components utilized in the primercompositions of the present invention are identified as being availablefrom at least the following producers:

    ______________________________________                                                    NAME OF THE                                                       COMPONENT   COMPANY         ADDRESS                                           ______________________________________                                        M-P-A 60    NL Industries, Inc.                                                                           P.O. Box 700                                      (Xylene)                    Highstown,                                                                    NJ. 07002                                         Triethylamine                                                                             Union Carbide.  Old Ridgebury                                                                 Danbury, CT.                                                                  55440                                             EMX 2       U.S. Bronze Powders                                                                           P.O.Box 31                                        Resin                       Flemington,                                                                   NJ. 08822                                         Desmophen 670                                                                             Mobay Chemical Corp.                                                                          Mobay Road                                        Polyester                   Pittsburg,                                        Resin                       PA. 15205                                         Coronate EH AZS Corporation 762 Marietta                                                                  Atlanta, GA.                                                                  30318                                             Nuosperse   Nuddex, Inc.    Turner Place                                      700-KD607                   Piscataway,                                                                   NJ. 08854                                         DABCO T-12  Air Products    P.O. Box 538                                      KC406, 407                  Allentown,                                                                    PA 18105                                          Paraplex    Rohm and Hass   Spring House                                      KP-801      Company         PA. 19477                                         Cobalt      Mooney Chemicals, Inc.                                                                        2301 Scranton                                     Carboxylate                 Cleveland, OH                                                                 44113                                             Manganese   Mooney Chemicals, Inc.                                                                        2301 Scranton                                     Drier                       Cleveland, OH                                                                 44113                                             KA100       Nuddex, Inc.    Turner Place                                                                  Piscataway,                                                                   NJ 08854                                          NUXTRA UTD  Nuddex, Inc.    Turner Place                                      16% Catalyst                Piscataway                                                                    NJ 08854                                          Petroleum   Nuddex, Inc.    Turner Place                                      Distillates                 Piscataway                                                                    NJ 08854                                          KEN-REACT   Kenrich Petrochemicals,                                                                       140 E. 22nd                                       238T        Inc.            Bayonne,                                                                      NJ 07002-0032                                     COPPER FLAKE                                                                              United States Bronze                                                                          P.O. Box 31                                       EMX 2       Powders, Inc.   Route 202                                                                     Flemington,                                                                   N.J. 08822                                        MIXTURE OF  Mooney Chemicals, Inc.                                                                        2301 Scranton                                     SOLVENTS                    Cleveland, OH                                                                 44113                                             10-613 RESIN                                                                              Reichhold Chemicals,                                                                          525 N. Broad-                                                 Inc.            way                                                                           White Plains,                                                                 N.Y. 10603                                        K-FLEX 188-50                                                                             King Industries, Inc.                                                                         Science Road                                                                  Norwalk, CT                                                                   06852                                             16% ZINC    Troy Chemical Corp.                                                                           One Avenue L                                      DRIER                       Newark, NJ                                                                    07105                                             ISOBUTYL    Ashland Chemical                                                                              P.O. Box 2219                                     ALCOHOL                     Columbus,                                                                     Ohio 43216                                        CYMEL 1168  American Cyanamid Co.                                                                         Wayne, NJ                                         CYMEL 327                   07470                                             VMP 66      Ashland Chemical                                                                              P.O. Box 2219                                                                 Columbus,                                                                     Ohio 43216                                        ETHYL 3-    Eastman Chemical                                                                              Kingsport,                                        ETHOXYPRO-  Products, Inc.  Tennessee                                         PIONATE                     37662                                             DIACETONE   E-M Company     Box 822                                           ALCOHOL                     North                                                                         Chicago, IL.                                      B-67 45%    Rohm and Hass   Independence                                      VMPOO       Company         Hall West                                                                     Philadelphia,                                                                 PA 19105                                          20% SOLN    W. C. Richards  3555 W. 123rd                                     KD-618      Company         Blue Island,                                                                  IL 60406                                          URAC II     W. C. Richards  3555 W. 123rd                                     CATALYST    Company         Blue Island,                                      SOLN                        IL 60406                                          SOLSPERSE   ICI Americas, Inc.                                                                            Wilmington,                                       5000                        Delaware                                                                      19897                                             SUSPENO #220                                                                              Poly-Resyn, Inc.                                                                              534 Stevens                                                                   Court,                                                                        Sleepy Hollow                                                                 West Dundee,                                                                  Il 60118                                          EXKIN #2    Nuddex, Inc.    Turner Place                                                                  P.O. Box 365                                                                  Piscataway,                                                                   N.J. 08854                                        KELSOL 3950 National Lead   P.O. Box 700                                      B2G-70                      Highstown, NJ                                                                 07002                                             PRINTEX XE 2                                                                              Cary Company    1555                                                                          Wrightwood                                                                    Ct., Addison,                                                                 Il. 60101                                         MICRO #870  Asburry Graphite                                                                              Asburry St.                                       GRAPHITE    Mills           Warren City,                                                                  N. J. 08802                                       BUTYL       Chem Central    7050 W.                                           CELLOSOLVE                  71st., Chgo.,                                                                 Il. 60638                                         SEC-BUTYL   Chem Central    7050 W.                                           ALCOHOL                     71st., Chgo.,                                                                 Il. 60638                                         N-BUTYL     Chem Central    7050 W.                                           ALCOHOL                     71st., Chgo.,                                                                 Il. 60638                                         ALCOLEC S   American Lecithin                                                                             P.O. Box 4056                                                                 Atlanta, Ga.                                                                  30302                                                         Angus Chemical                                                                Company                                                           BUSPERSE 47 Buckman Laboratories                                                                          1256 North                                                                    McLean Blvd.                                                                  Memphis, TN.                                                                  38108                                             BUSPERSE 43 Buckman Laboratories                                                                          1256 North                                                                    McLean Blvd.                                                                  Memphis, TN.                                                                  38108                                             DISPERBYK 130                                                                             U.S. Department of                                                            Labor                                                             BYKUNEN     BYK-Chenie USA  524 S. Cherry                                                                 Street,                                                                       Wallingford,                                                                  CT. 06492                                         DISPERSE-AYD                                                                              Daniel Products 400 Claremont                                     #6, #7, #8, Company         Avenue,                                           W22, W28                    Jersey City,                                                                  N.J. 07304                                        NOPCOSPERSE Diamond Shamrock                                                                              Process                                           44          Chemicals Company                                                                             Chemicals                                                                     Division, 350                                                                 Mt. Kemble Ave.                                                               CN 1931,                                                                      Morristown, NJ                                                                07960-1931                                        NOPCOSANT K Diamond Shamrock                                                                              Process                                                       Chemicals Company                                                                             Chemicals                                                                     Division, 350                                                                 Mt. Kemble Ave.                                                               CN 1931,                                                                      Morristown, NJ                                                                07960-1931                                        LOMAR SERIES                                                                              Diamond Shamrock                                                                              Process                                                       Chemicals Company                                                                             Chemicals                                                                     Division, 350                                                                 Mt. Kemble Ave.                                                               CN 1931,                                                                      Morristown, NJ                                                                07960-1931                                        DISPERSION +                                                                              Imperial Chemical                                                                             P.O. Box 42                                       SOLSPERSE   Industries, PLC Hexagon House,                                                                Blackley,                                                                     Manchester                                                                    M9 3DA                                            SOLSPERSE 2 Imperial Chemical                                                                             P.O. Box 42                                                   Industries, PLC.                                                                              Hexagon House                                                                 Blackley,                                                                     Manchester                                                                    M9 3DA                                            SOLSPERSE   Imperial Chemical                                                                             P.O. Box 42                                       D20, D21,   Industries, PLC.                                                                              Hexagon House                                     D22, D23,                   Blackley,                                         D24, D25,                   Manchester                                        D26                         M9 3DA                                            BAYSILONE   Mobay Chemical  Inorganic                                         FLUID OL17                  Chemicals Div.                                                                Mobay Road                                                                    Pittsburgh, PA.                                                               15205-9741                                        RAYBO 56 -  Raybo Chemical  Hintington,                                       MagnaMix    Company         West Virginia                                     RAYBO 61-   Raybo Chemical  Huntington,                                       AquaWet     Company         West Virginia                                     TAMOL 850   Rohm and Haas   Corporate                                                     Company         Product                                                                       Integrity                                                                     Department                                                                    Independence                                                                  Mall West                                                                     Philadelphia,                                                                 PA. 19105                                         TRITON N-101                                                                              ROHM and HAAS   Independence                                      N-998       Company         Mall West                                         X-405                       Philadelphia,                                                                 PA 19105                                          TAMOL 850   Rohm and Haas   Independent                                                   Company         Mall West                                                                     Philadelphia,                                                                 PA 19105                                          NUOSPERSE 657                                                                             Tenneco Chemicals                                                                             Turner Place                                      700         (Organics & Polymers                                                                          P. O. Box 365                                                 Division)       Piscataway, NJ                                                                08854                                             SILWET L-7001                                                                             Union Carbide Corp.                                                                           39 Old Ridgebury                                  L-7605      (Speciality Chemicals                                                                         Road, Danbury,                                                Division)       CT. 06817-0001                                    ______________________________________                                    

The basic and novel characteristics of the improved apparatus of thepresent invention will be readily understood from the foregoingdisclosure by those skilled in the art. It will become readily apparentthat various changes and modifications may be made in the form,construction and arrangement of the improved apparatus of the presentinvention as set forth hereinabove without departing from the spirit andscope of the invention. Accordingly, the preferred and alternativeembodiments of the present invention set forth hereinabove are notintended to limit such spirit and scope in any way.

What is claimed is:
 1. An electroconductive coating compositioncomprising a substantially uniform dispersion of:approximately 70%-90%by weight of solids of a curable, film-forming polymeric primary resinbinder which, upon cure, will form a stable film to adhere to thesurface of a substrate; approximately 10%-30% by weight of solids of aconductive carbon pigment; a sufficient weight of an electrontransmitting surfactant to provide in the cured film conductive pathwaysfor electrons between the conductive pigment particles; and sufficientsolvents to provide a flowable viscosity to said composition.
 2. Theelectroconductive coating composition of claim 1 wherein said electrontransmitting surfactant comprises a quaternary salt.
 3. Theelectroconductive coating composition of claim 2 wherein saidquarternary salt has the formula:

    (OC.sub.2 H40)Ti[OP(0)(ONH(C.sub.2 H.sub.5).sub.3))OP(0)(OC.sub.8 H.sub.7).sub.2 ].sub.2.


4. The electroconductive coating composition of claim 1 furthercomprising an acid catalyst is selected from the group consisting of amineral acid, aromatic sulfonic acid, p-toluene sulfonic acid,phosphoric acid, alkyl phosphoric acid, maleic acid, trimellitic acid,phthalic acid, and acrylic acid.
 5. The electroconductive coatingcomposition of claim 4 wherein said acid catalyst comprisesdinonylnaphthalene disulfonic acid.
 6. The electroconductive coatingcomposition of claim 4 wherein said acid catalyst comprisesdinonylnaphthalene (mono)sulfonic acid.
 7. The electroconductive coatingof claim 1 wherein said electron transmitting surfactant comprisesapproximately 0.2-0.45 by weight of solids.